Global Argon Market 2022 by Manufacturers, Regions, Type and Application, Forecast to 2028
The Argon market report provides a detailed analysis of global market size, regional and country-level market size, segmentation market growth, market share, competitive Landscape, sales analysis, impact of domestic and global market players, value chain optimization, trade regulations, recent developments, opportunities analysis, strategic market growth analysis, product launches, area marketplace expanding, and technological innovations.
According to our latest study, due to COVID-19 pandemic, the global Argon market size is estimated to be worth US$ million in 2021 and is forecast to a readjusted size of USD million by 2028 with a CAGR of % during review period. Electronics accounting for % of the Argon global market in 2021, is projected to value USD million by 2028, growing at a % CAGR in next six years. While Liquid Argon segment is altered to a % CAGR between 2022 and 2028.
Global key manufacturers of Argon include Airgas, Air Liquide, Linde, Messer, and Praxair, etc. In terms of revenue, the global top four players hold a share over % in 2021.
Market segmentation
Argon market is split by Type and by Application. For the period 2017-2028, the growth among segments provide accurate calculations and forecasts for sales by Type and by Application in terms of volume and value. This analysis can help you expand your business by targeting qualified niche markets.
Market segment by Type, covers
Liquid Argon
Gas Argon
Market segment by Application can be divided into
Electronics
Metal Manufacturing
Imaging and Lighting
Food and Beverages
Chemicals
The key market players for global Argon market are listed below:
Airgas
Air Liquide
Linde
Messer
Praxair
Market segment by region, regional analysis covers
North America (United States, Canada and Mexico)
Europe (Germany, France, United Kingdom, Russia, Italy, and Rest of Europe)
Asia-Pacific (China, Japan, Korea, India, Southeast Asia, and Australia)
South America (Brazil, Argentina, Colombia, and Rest of South America)
Middle East & Africa (Saudi Arabia, UAE, Egypt, South Africa, and Rest of Middle East & Africa)
The content of the study subjects, includes a total of 15 chapters:
Chapter 1, to describe Argon product scope, market overview, market opportunities, market driving force and market risks.
Chapter 2, to profile the top manufacturers of Argon, with price, sales, revenue and global market share of Argon from 2019 to 2022.
Chapter 3, the Argon competitive situation, sales, revenue and global market share of top manufacturers are analyzed emphatically by landscape contrast.
Chapter 4, the Argon breakdown data are shown at the regional level, to show the sales, revenue and growth by regions, from 2017 to 2028.
Chapter 5 and 6, to segment the sales by Type and application, with sales market share and growth rate by type, application, from 2017 to 2028.
Chapter 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11, to break the sales data at the country level, with sales, revenue and market share for key countries in the world, from 2017 to 2022.and Argon market forecast, by regions, type and application, with sales and revenue, from 2023 to 2028.
Chapter 12, the key raw materials and key suppliers, and industry chain of Argon.
Chapter 13, 14, and 15, to describe Argon sales channel, distributors, customers, research findings and conclusion, appendix and data source.
Frequently Asked Questions
The base year for the study has been considered 2019, historic year 2014 and 2018, the forecast period considered is from 2020 to 2027. The regions analyzed for the market include North America, Europe, South America, Asia Pacific, and Middle East and Africa. These regions are further analyzed at the country-level. The study also includes attractiveness analysis of type, application and regions which are benchmarked based on their market size, growth rate and attractiveness in terms of present and future opportunity for understanding the future growth of the market.
Market is segmented on the basis:
- By Type
- By Application
- By Region
- By Country
- By Manufacturer
The report offers in-depth analysis of driving factors, opportunities, restraints, and challenges for gaining the key insight of the market. The report emphasizes on all the key trends that play a vital role in the enlargement of the market from 2019 to 2026.
The report provides company profile of the key players operating in the market and a comparative analysis based on their business overviews industry offering, segment market share, regional presence, business strategies, innovations, mergers & acquisitions, recent developments, joint venture, collaborations, partnerships, SWOT analysis, and key financial information.
1 Market Overview
1.1 Argon Introduction
1.2 Market Analysis by Type
1.2.1 Overview: Global Argon Revenue by Type: 2017 Versus 2021 Versus 2028
1.2.2 Liquid Argon
1.2.3 Gas Argon
1.3 Market Analysis by Application
1.3.1 Overview: Global Argon Revenue by Application: 2017 Versus 2021 Versus 2028
1.3.2 Electronics
1.3.3 Metal Manufacturing
1.3.4 Imaging and Lighting
1.3.5 Food and Beverages
1.3.6 Chemicals
1.4 Global Argon Market Size & Forecast
1.4.1 Global Argon Sales in Value (2017 & 2021 & 2028)
1.4.2 Global Argon Sales in Volume (2017-2028)
1.4.3 Global Argon Price (2017-2028)
1.5 Global Argon Production Capacity Analysis
1.5.1 Global Argon Total Production Capacity (2017-2028)
1.5.2 Global Argon Production Capacity by Geographic Region
1.6 Market Drivers, Restraints and Trends
1.6.1 Argon Market Drivers
1.6.2 Argon Market Restraints
1.6.3 Argon Trends Analysis
2 Manufacturers Profiles
2.1 Airgas
2.1.1 Airgas Details
2.1.2 Airgas Major Business
2.1.3 Airgas Argon Product and Services
2.1.4 Airgas Argon Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
2.2 Air Liquide
2.2.1 Air Liquide Details
2.2.2 Air Liquide Major Business
2.2.3 Air Liquide Argon Product and Services
2.2.4 Air Liquide Argon Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
2.3 Linde
2.3.1 Linde Details
2.3.2 Linde Major Business
2.3.3 Linde Argon Product and Services
2.3.4 Linde Argon Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
2.4 Messer
2.4.1 Messer Details
2.4.2 Messer Major Business
2.4.3 Messer Argon Product and Services
2.4.4 Messer Argon Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
2.5 Praxair
2.5.1 Praxair Details
2.5.2 Praxair Major Business
2.5.3 Praxair Argon Product and Services
2.5.4 Praxair Argon Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
3 Argon Breakdown Data by Manufacturer
3.1 Global Argon Sales in Volume by Manufacturer (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
3.2 Global Argon Revenue by Manufacturer (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
3.3 Key Manufacturer Market Position in Argon
3.4 Market Concentration Rate
3.4.1 Top 3 Argon Manufacturer Market Share in 2021
3.4.2 Top 6 Argon Manufacturer Market Share in 2021
3.5 Global Argon Production Capacity by Company: 2021 VS 2022
3.6 Manufacturer by Geography: Head Office and Argon Production Site
3.7 New Entrant and Capacity Expansion Plans
3.8 Mergers & Acquisitions
4 Market Analysis by Region
4.1 Global Argon Market Size by Region
4.1.1 Global Argon Sales in Volume by Region (2017-2028)
4.1.2 Global Argon Revenue by Region (2017-2028)
4.2 North America Argon Revenue (2017-2028)
4.3 Europe Argon Revenue (2017-2028)
4.4 Asia-Pacific Argon Revenue (2017-2028)
4.5 South America Argon Revenue (2017-2028)
4.6 Middle East and Africa Argon Revenue (2017-2028)
5 Market Segment by Type
5.1 Global Argon Sales in Volume by Type (2017-2028)
5.2 Global Argon Revenue by Type (2017-2028)
5.3 Global Argon Price by Type (2017-2028)
6 Market Segment by Application
6.1 Global Argon Sales in Volume by Application (2017-2028)
6.2 Global Argon Revenue by Application (2017-2028)
6.3 Global Argon Price by Application (2017-2028)
7 North America by Country, by Type, and by Application
7.1 North America Argon Sales by Type (2017-2028)
7.2 North America Argon Sales by Application (2017-2028)
7.3 North America Argon Market Size by Country
7.3.1 North America Argon Sales in Volume by Country (2017-2028)
7.3.2 North America Argon Revenue by Country (2017-2028)
7.3.3 United States Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
7.3.4 Canada Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
7.3.5 Mexico Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
8 Europe by Country, by Type, and by Application
8.1 Europe Argon Sales by Type (2017-2028)
8.2 Europe Argon Sales by Application (2017-2028)
8.3 Europe Argon Market Size by Country
8.3.1 Europe Argon Sales in Volume by Country (2017-2028)
8.3.2 Europe Argon Revenue by Country (2017-2028)
8.3.3 Germany Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
8.3.4 France Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
8.3.5 United Kingdom Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
8.3.6 Russia Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
8.3.7 Italy Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
9 Asia-Pacific by Region, by Type, and by Application
9.1 Asia-Pacific Argon Sales by Type (2017-2028)
9.2 Asia-Pacific Argon Sales by Application (2017-2028)
9.3 Asia-Pacific Argon Market Size by Region
9.3.1 Asia-Pacific Argon Sales in Volume by Region (2017-2028)
9.3.2 Asia-Pacific Argon Revenue by Region (2017-2028)
9.3.3 China Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
9.3.4 Japan Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
9.3.5 Korea Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
9.3.6 India Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
9.3.7 Southeast Asia Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
9.3.8 Australia Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
10 South America by Region, by Type, and by Application
10.1 South America Argon Sales by Type (2017-2028)
10.2 South America Argon Sales by Application (2017-2028)
10.3 South America Argon Market Size by Country
10.3.1 South America Argon Sales in Volume by Country (2017-2028)
10.3.2 South America Argon Revenue by Country (2017-2028)
10.3.3 Brazil Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
10.3.4 Argentina Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
11 Middle East & Africa by Country, by Type, and by Application
11.1 Middle East & Africa Argon Sales by Type (2017-2028)
11.2 Middle East & Africa Argon Sales by Application (2017-2028)
11.3 Middle East & Africa Argon Market Size by Country
11.3.1 Middle East & Africa Argon Sales in Volume by Country (2017-2028)
11.3.2 Middle East & Africa Argon Revenue by Country (2017-2028)
11.3.3 Turkey Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
11.3.4 Egypt Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
11.3.5 Saudi Arabia Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
11.3.6 South Africa Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
12 Raw Material and Industry Chain
12.1 Raw Material of Argon and Key Manufacturers
12.2 Manufacturing Costs Percentage of Argon
12.3 Argon Production Process
12.4 Argon Industrial Chain
13 Sales Channel, Distributors, Traders and Dealers
13.1 Sales Channel
13.1.1 Direct Marketing
13.1.2 Indirect Marketing
13.2 Argon Typical Distributors
13.3 Argon Typical Customers
14 Research Findings and Conclusion
15 Appendix
15.1 Methodology
15.2 Research Process and Data Source
15.3 Disclaimer
List of Tables
Table 1. Global Argon Revenue by Type, (USD Million), 2017 & 2021 & 2028
Table 2. Global Argon Revenue by Application, (USD Million), 2017 & 2021 & 2028
Table 3. Airgas Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
Table 4. Airgas Major Business
Table 5. Airgas Argon Product and Services
Table 6. Airgas Argon Sales (K MT), Price (USD/MT), Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
Table 7. Air Liquide Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
Table 8. Air Liquide Major Business
Table 9. Air Liquide Argon Product and Services
Table 10. Air Liquide Argon Sales (K MT), Price (USD/MT), Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
Table 11. Linde Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
Table 12. Linde Major Business
Table 13. Linde Argon Product and Services
Table 14. Linde Argon Sales (K MT), Price (USD/MT), Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
Table 15. Messer Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
Table 16. Messer Major Business
Table 17. Messer Argon Product and Services
Table 18. Messer Argon Sales (K MT), Price (USD/MT), Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
Table 19. Praxair Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
Table 20. Praxair Major Business
Table 21. Praxair Argon Product and Services
Table 22. Praxair Argon Sales (K MT), Price (USD/MT), Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
Table 23. Global Argon Sales by Manufacturer (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022) & (K MT)
Table 24. Global Argon Revenue by Manufacturer (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022) & (USD Million)
Table 25. Market Position of Manufacturers in Argon, (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3), Based on Revenue in 2021
Table 26. Global Argon Production Capacity by Company, (K MT): 2020 VS 2021
Table 27. Head Office and Argon Production Site of Key Manufacturer
Table 28. Argon New Entrant and Capacity Expansion Plans
Table 29. Argon Mergers & Acquisitions in the Past Five Years
Table 30. Global Argon Sales by Region (2017-2022) & (K MT)
Table 31. Global Argon Sales by Region (2023-2028) & (K MT)
Table 32. Global Argon Revenue by Region (2017-2022) & (USD Million)
Table 33. Global Argon Revenue by Region (2023-2028) & (USD Million)
Table 34. Global Argon Sales by Type (2017-2022) & (K MT)
Table 35. Global Argon Sales by Type (2023-2028) & (K MT)
Table 36. Global Argon Revenue by Type (2017-2022) & (USD Million)
Table 37. Global Argon Revenue by Type (2023-2028) & (USD Million)
Table 38. Global Argon Price by Type (2017-2022) & (USD/MT)
Table 39. Global Argon Price by Type (2023-2028) & (USD/MT)
Table 40. Global Argon Sales by Application (2017-2022) & (K MT)
Table 41. Global Argon Sales by Application (2023-2028) & (K MT)
Table 42. Global Argon Revenue by Application (2017-2022) & (USD Million)
Table 43. Global Argon Revenue by Application (2023-2028) & (USD Million)
Table 44. Global Argon Price by Application (2017-2022) & (USD/MT)
Table 45. Global Argon Price by Application (2023-2028) & (USD/MT)
Table 46. North America Argon Sales by Country (2017-2022) & (K MT)
Table 47. North America Argon Sales by Country (2023-2028) & (K MT)
Table 48. North America Argon Revenue by Country (2017-2022) & (USD Million)
Table 49. North America Argon Revenue by Country (2023-2028) & (USD Million)
Table 50. North America Argon Sales by Type (2017-2022) & (K MT)
Table 51. North America Argon Sales by Type (2023-2028) & (K MT)
Table 52. North America Argon Sales by Application (2017-2022) & (K MT)
Table 53. North America Argon Sales by Application (2023-2028) & (K MT)
Table 54. Europe Argon Sales by Country (2017-2022) & (K MT)
Table 55. Europe Argon Sales by Country (2023-2028) & (K MT)
Table 56. Europe Argon Revenue by Country (2017-2022) & (USD Million)
Table 57. Europe Argon Revenue by Country (2023-2028) & (USD Million)
Table 58. Europe Argon Sales by Type (2017-2022) & (K MT)
Table 59. Europe Argon Sales by Type (2023-2028) & (K MT)
Table 60. Europe Argon Sales by Application (2017-2022) & (K MT)
Table 61. Europe Argon Sales by Application (2023-2028) & (K MT)
Table 62. Asia-Pacific Argon Sales by Region (2017-2022) & (K MT)
Table 63. Asia-Pacific Argon Sales by Region (2023-2028) & (K MT)
Table 64. Asia-Pacific Argon Revenue by Region (2017-2022) & (USD Million)
Table 65. Asia-Pacific Argon Revenue by Region (2023-2028) & (USD Million)
Table 66. Asia-Pacific Argon Sales by Type (2017-2022) & (K MT)
Table 67. Asia-Pacific Argon Sales by Type (2023-2028) & (K MT)
Table 68. Asia-Pacific Argon Sales by Application (2017-2022) & (K MT)
Table 69. Asia-Pacific Argon Sales by Application (2023-2028) & (K MT)
Table 70. South America Argon Sales by Country (2017-2022) & (K MT)
Table 71. South America Argon Sales by Country (2023-2028) & (K MT)
Table 72. South America Argon Revenue by Country (2017-2022) & (USD Million)
Table 73. South America Argon Revenue by Country (2023-2028) & (USD Million)
Table 74. South America Argon Sales by Type (2017-2022) & (K MT)
Table 75. South America Argon Sales by Type (2023-2028) & (K MT)
Table 76. South America Argon Sales by Application (2017-2022) & (K MT)
Table 77. South America Argon Sales by Application (2023-2028) & (K MT)
Table 78. Middle East & Africa Argon Sales by Region (2017-2022) & (K MT)
Table 79. Middle East & Africa Argon Sales by Region (2023-2028) & (K MT)
Table 80. Middle East & Africa Argon Revenue by Region (2017-2022) & (USD Million)
Table 81. Middle East & Africa Argon Revenue by Region (2023-2028) & (USD Million)
Table 82. Middle East & Africa Argon Sales by Type (2017-2022) & (K MT)
Table 83. Middle East & Africa Argon Sales by Type (2023-2028) & (K MT)
Table 84. Middle East & Africa Argon Sales by Application (2017-2022) & (K MT)
Table 85. Middle East & Africa Argon Sales by Application (2023-2028) & (K MT)
Table 86. Argon Raw Material
Table 87. Key Manufacturers of Argon Raw Materials
Table 88. Direct Channel Pros & Cons
Table 89. Indirect Channel Pros & Cons
Table 90. Argon Typical Distributors
Table 91. Argon Typical Customers
List of Figures
Figure 1. Argon Picture
Figure 2. Global Argon Revenue Market Share by Type in 2021
Figure 3. Liquid Argon
Figure 4. Gas Argon
Figure 5. Global Argon Revenue Market Share by Application in 2021
Figure 6. Electronics
Figure 7. Metal Manufacturing
Figure 8. Imaging and Lighting
Figure 9. Food and Beverages
Figure 10. Chemicals
Figure 11. Global Argon Revenue, (USD Million) & (K MT): 2017 & 2021 & 2028
Figure 12. Global Argon Revenue and Forecast (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 13. Global Argon Sales (2017-2028) & (K MT)
Figure 14. Global Argon Price (2017-2028) & (USD/MT)
Figure 15. Global Argon Production Capacity (2017-2028) & (K MT)
Figure 16. Global Argon Production Capacity by Geographic Region: 2022 VS 2028
Figure 17. Argon Market Drivers
Figure 18. Argon Market Restraints
Figure 19. Argon Market Trends
Figure 20. Global Argon Sales Market Share by Manufacturer in 2021
Figure 21. Global Argon Revenue Market Share by Manufacturer in 2021
Figure 22. Argon Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) in 2021
Figure 23. Top 3 Argon Manufacturer (Revenue) Market Share in 2021
Figure 24. Top 6 Argon Manufacturer (Revenue) Market Share in 2021
Figure 25. Global Argon Sales Market Share by Region (2017-2028)
Figure 26. Global Argon Revenue Market Share by Region (2017-2028)
Figure 27. North America Argon Revenue (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 28. Europe Argon Revenue (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 29. Asia-Pacific Argon Revenue (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 30. South America Argon Revenue (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 31. Middle East & Africa Argon Revenue (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 32. Global Argon Sales Market Share by Type (2017-2028)
Figure 33. Global Argon Revenue Market Share by Type (2017-2028)
Figure 34. Global Argon Price by Type (2017-2028) & (USD/MT)
Figure 35. Global Argon Sales Market Share by Application (2017-2028)
Figure 36. Global Argon Revenue Market Share by Application (2017-2028)
Figure 37. Global Argon Price by Application (2017-2028) & (USD/MT)
Figure 38. North America Argon Sales Market Share by Type (2017-2028)
Figure 39. North America Argon Sales Market Share by Application (2017-2028)
Figure 40. North America Argon Sales Market Share by Country (2017-2028)
Figure 41. North America Argon Revenue Market Share by Country (2017-2028)
Figure 42. United States Argon Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 43. Canada Argon Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 44. Mexico Argon Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 45. Europe Argon Sales Market Share by Type (2017-2028)
Figure 46. Europe Argon Sales Market Share by Application (2017-2028)
Figure 47. Europe Argon Sales Market Share by Country (2017-2028)
Figure 48. Europe Argon Revenue Market Share by Country (2017-2028)
Figure 49. Germany Argon Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 50. France Argon Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 51. United Kingdom Argon Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 52. Russia Argon Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 53. Italy Argon Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 54. Asia-Pacific Argon Sales Market Share by Region (2017-2028)
Figure 55. Asia-Pacific Argon Sales Market Share by Application (2017-2028)
Figure 56. Asia-Pacific Argon Sales Market Share by Region (2017-2028)
Figure 57. Asia-Pacific Argon Revenue Market Share by Region (2017-2028)
Figure 58. China Argon Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 59. Japan Argon Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 60. Korea Argon Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 61. India Argon Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 62. Southeast Asia Argon Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 63. Australia Argon Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 64. South America Argon Sales Market Share by Type (2017-2028)
Figure 65. South America Argon Sales Market Share by Application (2017-2028)
Figure 66. South America Argon Sales Market Share by Country (2017-2028)
Figure 67. South America Argon Revenue Market Share by Country (2017-2028)
Figure 68. Brazil Argon Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 69. Argentina Argon Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 70. Middle East & Africa Argon Sales Market Share by Type (2017-2028)
Figure 71. Middle East & Africa Argon Sales Market Share by Application (2017-2028)
Figure 72. Middle East & Africa Argon Sales Market Share by Region (2017-2028)
Figure 73. Middle East & Africa Argon Revenue Market Share by Region (2017-2028)
Figure 74. Turkey Argon Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 75. Egypt Argon Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 76. Saudi Arabia Argon Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 77. South Africa Argon Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 78. Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis of Argon in 2021
Figure 79. Manufacturing Process Analysis of Argon
Figure 80. Argon Industrial Chain
Figure 81. Sales Channel: Direct Channel vs Indirect Channel
Figure 82. Methodology
Figure 83. Research Process and Data Source
